Sarnath Lion Capitol Free Essays

Anna H. Asian Art History Maurya Dynasty: Sarnath Lion Capital Mauryan Empire of India lasted from 4th to 2nd century BCE. According to Coomaraswmy, an Indian historian, Mauryan art had three phases. We will write a custom essay sample on Sarnath Lion Capitol or any similar topic only for you Order Now The third phase was considered the beginning of brick and stone sculpture and architecture. The pillars of Asoka would consider such example, which are free standing carved animal capitals created in the time of Asoka empire. There are 20 known pillars that Asoka commissioned. These pillars are made out of shafts of sandstone and display Buddhist symbols. Asoka had a sculpture of four lions placed on top of one of his pillars, knows as Sarnath Lion Capital. These lions were portrayed as power and still remain a national symbol of India. The art elements portrayed in this sculpture define the meaning and characteristics that had important significance during Mauryan dynasty. The Sarnath Pillar’s composition has more abstract relation than schematic portrayal. The capital contains four lions, standing back to back, mounted on an abacus with a frieze carrying sculptures of an elephant, horse, bull, and a lion. In this way, four rivers of India is represented. The animals are separated by elapsing wheels, which symbolizes time. Because wheels are also mentioned in Buddhist religion, it can be explained as spiritual purpose as well. Since the sculpture has a schematic relation, it is hard to understand the main point at the first sight. The sculpture is volumetric with few high relieves. The animals and wheels can be considered as high relief where as the lion’s top portion would consider three dimensional. Overall sculpture itself is considered as free standing, since it can be iewed from all angles. The proportional relationship to the size of animals in reality is more abstract than realistic. The animals at the bottom portion of the sculpture, are much smaller than in real life. Although the lions can be considered realistic, despite the overlapping of one another. The adherence from reality suggests that the size of lions portrayed in large scale signifies power, besides of their nature meaning (powerful animal of animal kingdom). In this way it leads the viewer to concentrate more on lions than on other parts of the culpture. The lines of the sculpture let the eye to lead to the main ideas and it emphasizes more volume than lines. Some parts of the sculpture, such as water plant, and lion’s beard have curvilinear orientation where as the wheel is more rectilinear. The lines help to create more naturalistic details, which effects the sculpture to be more easily defined. The texture of the sculpture is smooth, more similar to copper made. This deviates from the real texture of the objects depicted, even though it gives the rich shiny feeling hich is more similar to lion’s natural color. Because the lack of color it give the sculpture more abstract than naturalistic look. The absence of the color gives more dull look and less definable. It also suggests that the painting techniques during Mauryan dynasty was not well developed and had limited us e of techniques. Asoka’s pillars are some of India’s earliest major stone sculptures. The Asoka’s reign were highly religious. He was the first powerful monarch to practice Buddhism, therefore his sculptures were mainly on Buddhism and power. How to cite Sarnath Lion Capitol, Papers

Principles of Management and Leadership free essay sample

To fully explain the relationship between Leadership and Management we need to appreciate that the two go hand in hand, they are by no means the same thing but they complement each other when driving any team to perform and exceed targets within a business. The manager’s job is very task-focused. They often have to follow company procedures and guidelines to ensure department KPI’s and objectives are achieved. They are heavily involved with the planning and co-ordinating of the team. The leadership role is much more people focused, ensuring that the team understands what their role is within achieving both department and business objectives, the leader provides the motivation and drive for someone to achieve (McPheat,2013). Bennis (2003) composed a list of differences between the manager and the leader two of which I have detailed here as I think these help differentiate the difference between the two; ` The manager maintains the leader develops’, `the manager fo cuses on systems and structure, the leader focuses on the people’. Daisy Group PLC’s business organisational objective is to be the UK’s number one communications provider. My management and leadership role takes on many styles to meet the needs of different situations when managing a team of 10 credit controllers in order to achieve this business goal. As explained by Goleman (1996) a good leader must be emotionally sensitive to know which styles to adopt depending on the different situation. Within his book 6 styles are outlined, Visionary, Coaching, Affiliative, Democratic, Pacesetting and Commanding; I believe I adopt all these styles in different situations. For example due to the diversity of Daisy as a business and the rate at which products and processes change I often have to take on a very Coaching style to ensure the team is kept up to speed with any developments, this not only helps my team members constantly improve their performance it increases employee satisfaction which reduces staff turnover within the  business. I think I am also a very democratic leader; I value each individuals input and encourage my team to generate fresh ideas in order to help us achieve. As a leader I like to lead by example, I like to approach my work with enthusiasm and a positive attitude which is reflected in the team’s attitude toward their work. Department moral and employee attitude towards work are important factors in contributing to exceeding departmental targets and personal development. However, that said I think it is important for the team to respect you as a manager and understand that you are there to lead them to achieve. Colins (2001) believes that to become and effective leader you have to be humble, there’s no room for arrogance; you have to be willing to admit when you or your team have made a mistake and put measures in place to learn from them. A successful leader isn’t afraid to ask for help or advice, learning from others who are more experienced than you can only benefit you positively. He stresses the importance of discipline in your work; when committing to a course of action, no matter how difficult it is you must follow this through. Aidar recognises three core management responsibilities; achieving the task, managing the team and managing the individuals. When achieving the task it’s important to identify aims to ensure that the team understand clearly what they are working towards. These tend to be outlined within staff reviews /objectives. A manager will monitor progress towards the groups aim, for example in my post I report on Daily cash flow figures so the team know how close we are getting to achieving the monthly cash target at the end of the month. 2. Skills and Styles of Management and Leadership For this section I am going to compare the skills and styles of 2 very different leaders; Richard Branson founder of the Virgin Group and Steve Jobs founder of Apple Inc. Richard is not afraid to take risks and believes that his people are the foundation to his company’s success. `My philosophy is, put your employees first, your customers second and your investors third and in the end everyone will be happy’ (Inc, 2013). From researching his leadership style I would say that Richard is a transformational democratic leader, he likes to get other peoples input and develop on their ideas. Richard believes that praise goes much further than criticism in achieving results so he likes to lead his team using positive reinforcement. Richard  seems to be a very caring and involved leader who listens to everyone and is very professional in his leadership style, he is definitively a relationship-oriented leader who is good at aligning people and giving them emotional support and encouragement. He seems to fall into the segment of being a participative and consultative leader whilst his strong charisma seems to make anyone listen and follow him. Steve Jobs on the other hand has a very innovative leadership style; he was a perfectionist who had the courage to change his mind. Steve was a very unconventional leader, he was very `high-maintenance’ who demanded excellence from his staff and was known for his blunt delivery of criticism. It was his sheer genius combined with his ability to articulate his vision and bring everyone along on the journey plus the lessons learned in career setbacks that made it work. Steve was fired from Apple in 1985 and then returned in 1997 with a renewed sense of purpose. Steve Job controlled every area of the business in his quest for perfection he lead using a very situational leadership approach, he exhibited very directive behaviour. Employees were recruited into the business as specialists and put into roles that made the most of their specific strengths. Staff turnover was low. Jobs was passionate about his vision and as effective at communicating this to his staff which was reflected in their views of the business (McInerney, 2011). Managerial Task 1 – Delegating work to the Team When delegating work to the team it’s important to choose staff members that are capable of doing the work you are asking of them, this requires you to have a good knowledge of your team’s competencies. It’s not a necessity that they have done the work before as this is an ideal opportunity to discuss the task in hand with them and provide them with some coaching whilst they do it – aiding development. It’s important to include them in the delegation process, empower them to decide which tasks to do and when. Ensure that they know they are responsible for completing the task but accountability will still fall under the manager which is why the manager must support them in completing the task to a high standard. ,The manager must provide support throughout and ensure the project’s success through on-going questioning and monitoring; focusing on the results facilitates success and builds up trust within the manager-co-worker relationship. The team member may have a  different way of completing the task, as long as the correct result is achieved own initiative should be supported. Managerial Task 2 – Motivating employees Employees must be motivated if you want them to achieve the best results. All employees have different types of motivational factors that will lead them to achieve, being a manager is largely about learning what motivates each individual. Employees may be more motivated if they understand how they fit into the business, how they contribute to the business achieving its organisational objectives. The manager must eliminate de-motivators, what do they think is stopping them from achieving? Find out what motivates each individual by asking them during one to ones- financial, status, praise etc and discuss how these can be built into their job role. Another key motivating tool is making employees feel empowered; motivate them to find their own solutions to work instead of being told what to do. 3. Application of Theory in an Organisational Context Examples of when I have had to apply management and leadership theories within my role are when managing change within the department. There have been 2 recent instances when change has been introduced the first being the introduction of a new system across all Daisy offices and the second when the team had a switch round of ledgers to accommodate staff redundancies both of these where managed in the same way Daisy has recently rolled out a new in house developed system to all staff. As Daisy has acquired quite a few companies over the years with that has come new products and many different systems. The new system was developed to ensure that all staff are using a unified system, where all notes and customer details can be viewed centrally. Kubler and Ross stages to change Model helps explain the various stages that the team went through when experiencing this change and as a manager what I had to focus on; how I had to drive the Team to except the change. When focusing on this model you need to encourage each team member to fully pass through the stages before acceptance of change is sought. Denial stage; the team didn’t think credit control would be asked to use the new system because it couldn’t support their work; they were reflecting on the past and not thinking forward. During this period I as a manger had to  encourage the team to talk to me to find out why they had the feelings they did, was it because of insecurities; that they might not be able to use the new system and talk them through their worries giving them confidence and support, hopefully then they progressed onto the Resistance stage, during this stage the team accepted that there was a new system to use but refused to use it. They blamed others at having to have a new system. During this stage I had to again drive the team forward, help them understand and except that the change would be happening, the reason why the change needed to happen and how they would benefit from it. This was done by holding lots of discussions and coaching on the new system. Next they moved onto the exploration stage where they are able to see what positive impact the change will have on them, how it will make their job easier. During this stage I got feedback from the team to include them in the change, to get ideas of any developments they thought the system needed that would benefit them. This was done in a very formal group meeting session which lifted moral, enabled us to talk through each other’s issues including my own. Involving them directly in the change empowers them to except it quicker as they form a part of its development. A manager should support and encourage change not direct it. It is important to note here that different personality types react differently to change and so a manager really needs to know and manage the team in ways that benefit them. 4. Planning the Development of Management and Leadership Skills For this section I am going to consider a job role within Daisy Communications, this is a current job role of Retail Credit Manager. I will assess the leadership requirements for this role using the SWOT Analysis; Strengths Skills, including technical skills and also generic skills such as teamwork, leadership, initiative, organisation, verbal and written communication, and how they relate in to the needs of the position Personal characteristics – the ability to work hard under pressure, self-discipline etc Knowledge of the type of job and the industry Your qualifications and past work experiences dont quite match the job requirements, training will be needed to make progress Time and money will have to be spent on training, including possibly another course of study to increase your professionalism in this field The job is not one that will motivate you in the medium to long term The employer is recruiting for a specific position and career progression seems limited Opportunities The job will provide opportunities to learn new skills.  The new skills then have the potential to provide a springboard into other more interesting or better paid jobs The vacancy will give experience which is a required precursor for something else you want to do or achieve later i.e. future roles Threats Hand over from previous manager/ fed down from head of credit control. This  could be achieved by coaching from higher management Within first month probation period review.  Once daily tasks understood, prioritise task/ time management This will need to fit in with the team and their daily work load Within the first month. Set relevant and achievable objectives for the team in order to help them achieve departmental targets Work with head of credit control, maybe base the objectives on past objectives depending on how the targets for the department have been set Within the first month. To attend any in-house or external training courses relevant to my role Attend all courses that are relevant to the post. To be notified by the Learning and Development team To be on going from the start of your new role There are pros and cons of using a SWOT analysis in evaluating the leadership requirements of a job role. Mainly the advantages are that the process has very little to no cost attached to it and it’s not overly time consuming. A SWOT analysis helps you identify required strengths of a manager; it also allows you to highlight the weaknesses and gain better knowledge into what may need to be improved on for bettering efficiency and the business. Using opportunities wisely betters a business and knowing ones threats is important because it makes people aware of additional skills they may need to learn or perfect to overcome opposition. However the SWOT analysis model does come with its limitations. The SWOT analysis leads to an individual list of traits, it provides no mechanism to rank the significance of one factor over another and as a result any one factor’s true impact on the objective can’t be determined. It also only creates a one dimensional model in which each attribute is seen to have only one influence, however one factor could be considered both a strength and a weakness, it’s very ambiguous and down to personal choice of whoever is conducting the analysis. There are also pros and cons of using PDP’s within a role; the main advantages are that they are tailored for each individual, they help people develop clear plans for what they want to achieve and how they will accomplish these achievements within a set time period and setting goals increases awareness of a person’s strengths and weaknesses. Time spent going through PDP’s during 1-2-1’s brings the team closer together and enables  managers to direct teams to work how they want them to work possibly developing them for higher management positions within the business. On the other hand PDP’s can create pressure for the individual, particularly if you are not achieving the objectives set. This could lead to a sense of failure which is why it’s important that they are regularly discussed during 1-2-1’s and the individual is getting the correct support and coaching that they need.

Elizabeth Loftus Essay Example

Elizabeth Loftus Essay For many years eye witness testimony has been a key element of courtroom trials. Whether a person is given a guilty verdict or not can revolve around who the jury believe, and eye witness testimony plays a major part. However many studies have been conducted over the years which suggest a number of ways in which eye witness testimony can be unreliable.Leading researcher Elizabeth Loftus has suggested factors such as, violent crime, leading questions during interviews, and the presence of a weapon during a crime, can all have a marked effect on the reliability of eye witness testimony.Loftus and Palmer (1974) conducted an experiment in an attempt to show how leading questions can affect an eye witnesss version of events.The experiment took place in a laboratory with 45 American students used as the sample. The participants were asked to view footage of a car crash. They were later asked to recall events as if they were an eye witness. The students were then asked to fill in a question naire, which had the wording of one question changed. Split onto five groups of nine, one group were asked the question About how fast were the cars going when they hit?, for the other groups the word hit was changed to smashed, collided , contacted, or bumped. The findings were that the average speed suggested when the word smashed was used was 9 mph more than the average estimate of speed than when the word contacted was used.Whilst this does highlight that the way a question is worded can illicit different answers, it is important to note this experiment was conducted in a laboratory, in a set-up situation. Watching footage on TV is not the same as witnessing a real life car crash, so the experiment lacks ecological validity. Also the sample used was all students, they may have been roughly the same age so the sample was not representative of the whole population. The sample also knew they were taking part in an experiment and knew any answers they gave didnt have any repercussio ns for anybody. It is also possible some of the participants may have just been poor judges of speed, so its not possible to ascertain how much their answer was prompted by the vocabulary in the question.In 1979 Loftus looked at how violent crime, in particular crime involving the use of a weapon by the perpetrator can reduce the accuracy of an eye witnesss recall of events. This is known as weapon focus. Loftus tested this effect in a single experiment. Each participant sat alone in a waiting room, and from another room heard a pre- recorded argument. The participants were unaware the experiment had begun. A man entered the room drew attention to himself and left. Each person was then asked to give a description of the man, however one group witnessed the man carrying a pen, for the other group the confederate was holding a knife. The group who observed the situation involving the pen were able to give a much better description of the man than in the case of the knife. It was concl uded that the presence of the weapon was responsible for this. A possibility for this is that a person witnessing a crime which involves a weapon such as a gun or a knife focuses on the weapon as they perceive it to be a threat to themselves and this causes a high level of arousal. When this happens there is an immediate release in the body by the adrenal glands of adrenalin, if the threat is still there after 2 to 3 minutes, as could be the case if in a bank at the time of an armed robbery, the adrenal glands release cortisol, which can have an effect on a persons ability for accurate recall of an event.Research has been conducted which refutes this (Brown and Kulik 1977), which suggests that a high level of arousal can increase a persons ability to recollect an important event with increased accuracy. However it is important to make a distinction between events that can be positive for someones life such as the day your child was born, events that may have been witnessed on televi sion, for example the terrorist attacks on the world trade centers, or being an innocent bystander at the time of an armed robbery.Loftus has been criticised for aspects of her work, particularly for the research being artificial, however it has shown how a persons ability for accurate recall of an event can be influenced.Many other researchers have questioned the reliability of eye witness testimony and identified several factors which can affect a persons ability to accurately recall a crime, notably Brigham ; Malpass (1986) who suggested we make more errors when the suspect is a different race to the witness. They concluded that we are better at being able to recognise our own race.Another explanation for the inaccuracy of recall is that if our memory of an event is sketchy we have a tendency to use our schemas and stereotypes to fill in the gaps. This is known as reconstructive memory, we reconstruct events by combining parts of the event that is real with our schemas which are stored in long term memory. One of the first to investigate the accuracy of memory was psychologist Frederic Bartlett (1932). He asked a subject to read a story entitled War of the ghosts an old legend about an Indian hunter. The person then had to tell the story to another subject who had not heard it before, the second person then told it to another person, this carried on until ten people had heard it. Bartlett found that by the end, whilst a few basic elements of the story remained, many new bits were added as each person along the way in order to make the story more complete added new parts. This additional information came from each persons knowledge from how they see the world.The findings from the all the research shows how problematic dealing with eyewitness testimony can be, for both the police who interview witnesses and for the courtroom where the testimonies of witnesses have a big impact. An obvious implication for the courts is dealing with suspects where eyewitness t estimony is the main source of evidence.Throughout history it is possible to find hundreds of examples where wrongful convictions were the result of faulty eyewitness testimony. This has a profound effect on the life of an individual who suffers a miscarriage of justice, and also that persons family. In severe cases it has cost some people their lives in countries where capital punishment is still used. It has implications for the authorities who over the years have had to pay very large sums of money to people who have spent a long time in prison even though they were innocent. Also there are huge costs involved in trying to catch offenders and imprison them, the police operations, and also the cost of taking people to court, and in every case of wrongful conviction, it means the original perpetrator of the crime is still at large and able to perhaps commit further crime.In order to eradicate possible miscarriages of justice law enforcement agencies are using techniques to make a w itnesss interview more accurate. Standard police interviewing in the past has used closed questioning, and excessive interruption. The Home office acted upon psychological research (Geiselman et al 1984) and implemented changes to the way police interviews are conducted. The new technique is known as the cognitive interview. This aims to give the witness the feeling of greater control in the interview.Interviewees are first asked to recreate the context of the crime, and then the witness is asked to talk of anything they remember in free recall, regardless of whether they perceive the information to be important or not. It is hoped that in cases where there are multiple witnesses, each witness will be able to give different details, and the police can piece together all the fragmented details to arrive with a clearer picture of events. The eyewitness is also asked to talk about the event in a different order or reverse order, and try to recreate the situation from different perspect ives. This all helps to retrieve the event without the possibility of leading questions.Fisher et al (1987) introduced new elements to the cognitive interview, and devised the enhanced cognitive interview. The basic framework of the original technique was kept with the introduction of some new elements. The cognitive interview was found (Geiselman et al 1985) to produce a greater degree of accuracy than the previously used standard police interview. Research has been conducted (Fisher, Geiselman and Amador 1990) which shown the enhanced cognitive interview produced better results than the basic model, especially when interviewers had been trained in the methods.The use of identity parades to pick out possible suspects has often proved crucial in the courts arriving at a guilty verdict. However methods used have also been questioned. Traditionally a victim or other eyewitness will look along a line of people who should have roughly the same characteristics and asked to see if they ca n see the perpetrator of a crime. There are potentially some problems with this methodology.One problem is identity parades are often conducted a while after the crime was been committed, and a persons recollection of events can decay over a period of time, as well as this, faced with the pressure of feeling like they have to pick someone, may lead to picking out someone they are not entirely sure committed an offence. If it is the victim asked to identify a suspect, they could be in high state of emotional arousal. They could have the stress of coming close to a person who perhaps assaulted them, also there could be anger involved, and they may pick anybody on the basis they want someone prosecuted for what happened to them.Identity parades could be perhaps made more reliable by introducing new methods. One such method could be to introduce the line up sequentially, this may ease some of the pressure involved. Also the officer conducting the parade shouldnt be aware if the main sus pect is present, this could stop anybody perhaps being led to one member of the line up. It could also be mentioned to the person who is trying to identify the perpetrator that the suspect may not be in the line up, this would stop the person feeling like they have to pick someone.It is clear from all the research there is a big margin for error in eyewitness testimony. Whilst jurors are still highly influenced by a confident eyewitness, more cases are able to be solved with more scientific methods such as DNA. However all parts of the justice system should be trying to eliminate potential problems with the testimony of an eyewitness. Perhaps cases should not go to court when the main evidence provided is eyewitness testimony.

homeland security and border patrol Essays

homeland security and border patrol Essays homeland security and border patrol Essay homeland security and border patrol Essay Homeland security and border patrol Homeland security is one of the main departments that keeps the United States safe. Homeland security locks down the United States and keeps illegals from entering and monitors that the U. S does not go under attack. During the making of the department of homeland security the U. S Border Patrol merged into a new agency called US customs and Border protection known as CBP. The old tradition of border patrol was always known for detecting and preventing the entry of illegal aliens in addition to the smuggling of illegal contraband into the county, but a new high riority mission came into lay when the terrorist tried to enter their weapons into the United States. Keeping the boarders of the U. S safe is an extremely dangerous Job. The duties of duties border patrol men include to be alert 24 hours seven days a week. Border patrols missions take place on horseback, land, sea, and in the air. Over the years border patrols mission has increased it not only operates within the interior of the United States but also now monitors the roads and even airports where illegal aliens concentrate. Since border patrol takes so much concentration dditional powers have been added to help U. S officials protect its borders. From the time before the constitution was even written the function of United States Border Patrol was an essential element to our countrys security. It was the day of July 4th 1776 that out country became independent from England, and the countrys security was born. Back in 1904 when Teddy Roosevelt was president of the United States the mounted inspectors were assigned by the commissioner general of immigration to patrol the southern boarders. At the time only 75 mounted inspectors were on duty o guard all the American borders. The mounted inspectors were given no supervision or orders which forever changed when the Poncho Vila and Prohibition took place. The Poncho Villa was a civil war that raged in Mexico between 1910 and 1920 which averred U. S army troops to encamp along the southwest borders when there was rumors of raiders coming into the country from Mexico. The attack took place in Columbus NM when peasants entered looking for food, in the end only 18 Americans were killed along with an unborn child. Todays border patrol has expanded tremendously with over 11,000 agents on the ine of duty. More than 9,500 agents are stationed along the United States southern boarder because, it is noted that 99 percent of all illegally entering citizens are citizens of Mexico. While it is important to stay on high alert during the day the U. S Mexican border is the most dangerous at night. Most illegal aliens cross the border at night, and murders are perpetrated at night. The triple barrier system is where agents have the most trouble due to the fact they can become trapped in between the barriers making it easier for attackers to make it over the fence. The United States government nas tunded a program that increases security which includes U border patrol agents. U. S border patrol agents work alone, and depend on their own instincts along with the support of new technology including cameras to protect them from danger. Camera systems are implemented with zero time delay systems in between images and each camera uses data link with the use of commercial delivery trucks to scan anything that passes through the border. Camera use is one on the main key elements to successful border patrol which are grouped into five categories. These five categories Include daylight cameras, low light cameras, IR night vision cameras, FLIR cameras, and Range Gated cameras. Daylight cameras offer reasonable resolution, but cannot see through fog, rain or snow and usually see the same as a human eye. Low light cameras are similar to daylight cameras except they can provide an image with Just moon light. IR night cameras are cameras that have a light source that the human eye cannot see. FLIR cameras use infer red sources that monitor heat that spots humans due to body heat and heated objects such as bombs. These cameras are used at night to spot people in cars or people walking without ones knowing there getting watched. Range Gated cameras reflect light beams off of objects which reflect beams of light back to the camera sending back and image of the object. All these cameras listed play a big role successful border protection. Along with Border Patrol Homeland Security was put into action full force after 9/1 1 . The Department of Homeland Security got stronger and the U. S Customs and Border protection was fully mobilized in 36 hours after the attack. Both of their nterprises evolved to better defend against intruders and terrorists attacks. Both systems started working directly with law enforcement agencies, state and local leaders, community based organization, private sectors, and international partners. DHS (Homeland Security) focused on getting resources from Washington DC into the hands of state and local enforcements to help them identify threats. State and law enforcement agencies are usually the first ones in position to notice any signs of planned attacks. Homeland security informs police and front line with the nderstanding the behaviors or unmoral situations, and what to look for in terrorist activity. Another enterprise through homeland security is the private sector outreach which is an integral component through the engagement of protecting the United States. DHS works closely with international partners to have multiple organizations and global business to strengthen the security of the U. S similar to having eyes and ears all around the world. Homeland Security has enhanced security not only in airports but by working with foreign governments administrating global supply chains across the country. In closing they turn to the public that play a key role to strengthen the enterprise and to raise public awareness indicators about terrorism and crime which leads to the motto if you see something say something. References POI, International Association of Counterterrorism Security Prof. Journal of Counterterrorism Homeland Security International (2005- present ). Journal. Policy, California University of Pennsylvania Institue for law Public. Homelsand Security Review ( present). Journal. University, Marian. Journal ot homeland Security Education (2012- present). Journal .

Global Warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Global Warming - Research Paper Example As the report explores Earth and are now responsible for the fact that the surface of the planet seems to be warming because of trapped gases. Our fossil fuel use is the main reason those gases are present. Every time we drive a car to school or work, use electricity, or heat our houses, we are releasing carbon dioxide into the air and making our planet hotter. Another important source of greenhouse gases is caused by deforestation, mainly in the Amazon. There is a lot of money to be made in cutting down trees and planting land for animals to use so the animals can be made into hamburgers at the end of the day. Cattle itself is said by some people to be in part responsible for increasing the amount of methane in the atmosphere. A the essay stresses some scientists have stated on the record that this increase in trapped heat changes may be responsible for a change in the climate, not only making the surface of the Earth hotter, but altering weather patterns. The patterns and even currents we have known for centuries are changing and changing our patterns of trade and they we lead our lives. There will be more monsoons and hurricanes as seen by the terrible storms of recent years including Hurricane Katrina. With rising water levels and more storms coastal countries will be powerfully affected by climate change. Countries like the Maldives, which already are barely above the water level may vanish entirely, becoming a new lost city of Atlantis.

Service Profit Chain Valuation Argument about whether employee Essay

Service Profit Chain Valuation Argument about whether employee satisfaction can lead to Customer satisfaction in hence leads to customer loyalty - Essay Example Customer loyalty means that the resort will have repeat business from the same customers and, therefore, remain doing business (Kamakura et al. 2002, p.311). Furthermore, customer loyalty increases the repurchase levels which translate to profitability and a large consumer base. In the service industry, consumer satisfaction is the driving force behind marketing thought and practice (Chakrapani 1998, p.47). In practice, consumer satisfaction is the consumer’s comparison between their purchase and use with the rewards and costs of the service. Other than consumer satisfaction, employee satisfaction is also another factor that determines the profitability of resorts and spas. The employees provide the various services to the customers. Their service delivery is what determines the customer satisfaction and loyalty in the long run. For this reason, employees are the essential part in the service industry. Management in this industry has to manage employees in such a way that they are satisfied. This is the biggest challenge in the hospitality industry as it determines the overall success of the resort or spa. In addition, employee satisfaction increases guest satisfaction and ultimately guest loyalty. This essay analyzes the two concepts, consumer satisfaction, and employee satisfaction, using the service profit chain theory to fully understand their significance to the service industry. Advertising and marketing in this industry relies heavily on consumer behavior; it is the success scale of this industry. The challenge in this industry is trying to attract customers for longer visits and repeat business (Smith & Puczko 2009, p.13). In comparison to other hospitality segments, the resort and spa industry is the fastest growing segment in this industry. Their number has grown steadily over the last few years due to their unique and novel services they provide. Smith and Puczko (2009) attribute the growth of this industry to the recent global trend of alternative

Theories on the Economics of Poverty

Theories on the Economics of Poverty Janet Owen The issue at hand is the decline in the U.S. poverty rate, which doesn’t deliver much good news. The writer, Monica Potts is an unbridled critic of the rate of poverty. Poverty is a prevalent gregarious issue that has troubled the United States and various other nations for thousands of years. While nations like the United States of America have worked genuinely hard to eradicate it domestically, it still widely subsists internationally. Neediness has been a dependable issue all through history. Despite what the normal pay, unemployment or general flourishing level is, there will reliably be people who are homeless and hungry. Despite being a champion among the most prosperous countries on the planet, the United States is not safe to it either. Without a doubt today, there are still people endeavoring to find safe house, feed their kids and find warm clothing. This social issue has diverse impacts on different foundations and people. In any case, there are conceivable plans that are open to alleviate this social issue. In discussing dejection in the United States, I will be utilizing three huge perspectives: the general condition, the creating clerical class destitution and the relationship between little associations and imperative measures to decrease poverty. The conservative hypothesis is that poverty is an individual wonder. On this hypothesis, individuals are in poverty in light of the fact that they are apathetic, uneducated, oblivious, or overall substandard in some way. On the off chance that this hypothesis were genuine, it would take after that devastated individuals are fundamentally the same individuals consistently. Also if that were genuine, we could whip destitution by helping that specific 15% of the populace to evaluate things and move out of poverty. Subsequently, a system of substantial oppressive life arrangements to help this disconnected group get things together may possibly end or significantly lessen destitution. The liberal hypothesis is that poverty is a structural wonder. On this hypothesis, individuals are in poverty in light of the fact that they end up in gaps in the monetary framework that convey them deficient wages. Since individual lives are dynamic, individuals dont sit in those openings until the end of time. One year they are in a low-wage gap, yet the following year theyve discovered a vocation or gotten an advancement, and arent any longer. Anyway, that gap that they were in a year ago doesnt go away. Others inexorably end up in that opening in light of the fact that it is an industrious surrender in the monetary structure. It takes from this that devastated individuals are not the same individuals consistently and the best way to diminish poverty is to modify the financial structure to lessen the quantity of low-wage gaps in it. To evaluate which hypothesis is genuine, the least demanding thing to do is answer the inquiry: are devastated individuals the same individuals consistently or diverse ones? The individual hypothesis predicts that they are the same individuals (and further that they require paternalist intercession to start acting responsibly). The structural hypothesis predicts that they are distinctive individuals (and further that we have to adjust the monetary structure to greatly improve the situation). As the greater part of the analysts connected aforementioned, longitudinal overviews demonstrate that devastated individuals are not the same individuals consistently. The last SIPP had approximately one-third of Americans ending up in rambling poverty eventually in the three years, yet only 3.5% ending up in roundabout destitution for every one of the three years. The PSID information demonstrates that around 4 in 10 grown-ups experience a whole year of neediness between age 25 and 60. In the event that you check kids, the quantity of individuals who experience no less than one year of poverty rockets considerably higher obviously. Additionally, it merits calling attention to that almost 45 percent of grown-ups have utilized a method tried welfare program in their life. Finally, Monica Potts, keeps up her position on destitution from the perspective of a starting late hindered economy. She battled that more than 50 million Americans were existing in a food insecure home sometime in 2009. She differentiates this with the 36 million in 2006. The essential circumstance that these dejection stricken individuals face is whether to pay their home credits or put sustenance on the table. Most likely, Potts focuses her trade not on the minorities or single folks, yet on the working populace families that are engaging. Her affirmation begins from our country over that is endeavoring to meet solicitations from distinctive scopes of the extent from the homeless to the working population. These viewpoints offer a huge array of social issues coming about because of poverty. Case in point, the viewpoint on minorities puts the negligence like a fireworks show on Hispanics and African-Americans. As a happening, the generally propelled government help projects were focused on these minorities. Thus, this raises the bigger issue of speculation and prejudice. In case the countrys advantages are for the most part utilized for a specific area of the masses, then it singles them out for accidental examination by those not gathering the resident preferences. Whats more, since little associations are the key impulses of jobs, we fight that the noteworthy conclusions of voracious business visionaries are that they are not helping the vocation creation change enough. Likewise, this methodology additionally puts pressure on governments to mediate either emphatically or adversely to sway organizations to cultivate work creation. Finally, the cubicle class desperation issue is essenti ally affecting the close-by state and city governments that are under weight to hold and supply sustenance banks for people that dont have the intends to do so. Therefore, the issue of poverty under these perspectives affects close-by and state governments, associations, and additionally peoples manner towards those tormented from desperation. The plans showed demonstrate that organization intercession is the plan. For example, Potts alluded to that destitution organization sometime during the last twenty-five years has been decreased by government undertakings concentrated on towards specific demographics. She furthermore offered game plans by enhancing preparing levels remembering the deciding objective to development a whole deal plan. On the other hand, it has been fought that since governments have control over native dollars and little associations have control over business creation; the plan would be gotten from the agreeable vitality of the legislature. Moreover, by using financing and facilitating business procedures to help assuage destitution, the agreeable organizations would definitely help advance long haul work development. Finally, while Potts doesnt offer a prompt game plan, the association of working population destitution reflects that simply short lived sponsorship is needed. In this manner, by helping sustenance banks and adjacent city governments push through updated enthusiasm for the short term, this would suffice until a whole deal game plan has been found. The proof recommends that these arrangements would, in time enhance the social state of poverty. By first concentrating on transient easing through sustenance banks and nearby city help, the quick issue of encouraging individuals would be met. For the long haul, the legislature would assume an exceptionally compelling part in helping animate this project. This would oblige the assistance and association of little organizations with investments that adjust to the central government. At long last, the length of transient support is promptly replaceable with long haul arrangements, neediness can be killed. The rotating entry way of neediness is a pummel dunk marker that the structural hypothesis of poverty is right, however we can get much more particular by recognizing where the structural gaps are. There are numerous spots to concentrate, yet one simple and undeniable one is age. To start with, consider youngster poverty. Youngsters have much higher poverty rates than grown-ups and more youthful kids have higher poverty rates than more established kids. Why is this? Two reasons. In the first place, families with youngsters in them need to get more pay every year to keep afloat destitution line than families without them. However, the business sector does not disperse families more cash simply on the grounds that they have more youngsters. Therefore, the minor demonstration of adding a kid to a family makes it more probable that the family will be in destitution. Second, grown-ups have kids when they are youthful laborers, yet adolescent specialists likewise make the minimum wage. This excessively makes it more probable a youngster will be in poverty than a grown-up absolutely on account of the way the economy is organized. Why do adolescent kids have higher poverty rates than more seasoned youngsters? Since adolescent youngsters have youthful folks and old kids have old folks. Old folks profit more than adolescent folks in light of the fact that they are deeper into their pay life cycle. Its normal to depict 25-65 as prime working-age grown-ups. Be that as it may, take a gander at the amount of poverty that falls over those working years. Almost 20% of 25-year-olds are in poverty while short of what 10% of 64-year olds are. Why? Adolescents make much less than older laborers. Youthful laborers are regularly dealing with youngsters too, while more seasoned specialists for the most part are not. This is anatomic. This is one of the exceptionally glaring anatomical reasons why you are going to see individuals swapping in and out of poverty over their life course. I could go on, yet the fact is clear. Poverty reproduces itself in exceptionally unsurprising structural ways. Since the issue is structural, the arrangement must be structural also. This is quite as troublesome an assignment as it may appear. Case in point, on account of structural poverty issues harrowing youngsters and adolescent families, it is effectively managed by utilizing a Child Allowance program, which is usually utilized all through Europe. References: Glennerster, Howard. United States Poverty Studies and Poverty Measurement: The Past Twenty-Five Years. The Social Service Review 76.1 (2002): 1-26. JSTOR. Web. 7 Mar. 2011 Singer, Alan. Business Strategy and Poverty Alleviation. Journal of Business Ethics 66.2/3 (2006): 225-231. JSTOR. Web. 7 Mar. 2011 Chen, Stephanie. â€Å"The New Hungry: College-Educated, Middle-Class Cope With Food Insecurity.† CNN. 13 Dec. 2010. CNN. 7 Mar. 2011.